Sunday, June 25, 2017

1.1: Understand that living Organisms share the following Characteristics:

LETTER
DESCRIPTION
MOVEMENT
All living organisms move
RESPIRATION
All living organisms respire
SENSITIVITY
All living organisms respond to their environment
GROWTH
All living organisms grow and develop
REPRODUCTION
All living organisms reproduce
EXCRETION
All living organisms excrete waste
NUTRITION
All living organisms require nutrition
CONTROL
All living organisms control internal conditions

1.2: Describe the Common Features shared by Organisms: Plants, Animals, Fungi and Protoctists



GROUPS OF ORGANISMS
PLANTS
s
  • Multicellular organism
  • Stores carbohydrates as Starch
  • Structure: 
  • Nucleus - membrane-bound organelle containing chromosomes
  • Chloroplast - protein to carry out Photosynthesis 
  • Mitochondria - protein to carry out cell respiration 
  • Cytoplasm - fills the cell to facilitate chemical reactions and holds organelles in place
  • Vacuole - storage organelle for Water and dissolved substances 
  • Cell membrane - phospholipid bilayer that controls movement of substances into and out of cell
  • Cell wall - made of Cellulose to protect and maintain the shape of cell 

  • Example: Herbaceous Legume



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ANIMALS
s
  • Multicellular organism
  • Stores carbohydrates as Glycogen
  • Has nervous coordination to move from one place to another
  • Structure:
  • Nucleus - membrane-bound organelle containing chromosomes
  • Mitochondria - protein to carry out cell respiration 
  • Cytoplasm - fills the cell to facilitate chemical reactions and holds organelles in place
  • Cell membrane - phospholipid bilayer that controls movement of substances into and out of cell

s
  • Example: Mammals, Insects 



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FUNGI
s
  • Both multicellular and unicellular
  • Stores carbohydrates as Glycogen
  • Organised into a Mycelium - thread-like structure called Hyphae that contains many Nuclei
  • Feeds by extracellular secretion - the release of digestive enzymes onto food to absorb organic products (saprotrophic nutrition)
  • Structure:
  • Nucleus - membrane-bound organelle containing chromosomes
  • Mitochondria - protein to carry out cell respiration 
  • Cytoplasm - fills the cell to facilitate chemical reactions and holds organelles in place
  • Cell membrane - phospholipid bilayer that controls movement of substances into and out of cell

  • Example: Mucor / Yeast


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PROTISTS
s
  • Microscopic unicellular organism
  • Structure of protists are varied
  • Example: Amoeba (animals)
  • Chlorella (plants)

1.4: Understand the Term Pathogen and Know that Pathogens May Include Fungi, Bacteria, Protoctists or Viruses



COMMON PATHOGENS
FUNGI
s
  • Both multicellular and unicellular
  • Stores carbohydrates as Glycogen
  • Organised into a Mycelium - threat-like structure called Hyphae that contains many Nuclei
  • Feeds by extracellular secretion - the release of digestive enzymes onto food to absorb organic products (saprotrophic nutrition)
  • Structure:
  • Nucleus - membrane-bound organelle containing chromosomes
  • Mitochondria - protein to carry out cell respiration 
  • Cytoplasm - fills the cell to facilitate chemical reactions and holds organelles in place
  • Cell membrane - phospholipid bilayer that controls movement of substances into and out of cell

  • Example: Mucor / Yeast




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BACTERIA
s
  • Unicellular organism
  • Feeds on living or dead organisms
  • Structure:
  • Nucleoid - single circular strand of DNA
  • Plasmid - independent small circle of DNA
  • Plasma membrane - phospholipid bilayer that controls movement of substances into and out of cell 
  • Cell wall - made of Peptidoglycan to protect and maintain shape of cell 
  •  *Pili - protein filmanets that facilitates cell adhesion and conjugation 
  •  *70S Ribosomes - site of protein synthesis 
  •  *Flagellum - elongated inflexible structure that rotates to move cell

  • Example:
  • Lactobacillus Bulgarcius (rod-shaped bacterium used in production of Yoghurt)
  • Pnemococcus (spherical bacterium that causes Pneumonia)



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PROTISTS
s
  • Microscopic unicellular organism
  • Structure of protists are varied
  • Example: Amoeba (animals)
  • Chlorella (plants)


VIRUS
s
  • Non-living organism
  • Parasitic as they can only reproduce inside living host cells
  • Structure:
  • Capsid - contains genetic material (DNA or RNA)
  • Viral Envelope - made from fatty lipid molecules taken from host cells to avoid host immune system
  • Surface Protein - proteins that help recognise and bind to host cells for infection

  • Example:
  • Tobacco Mosaic Virus (plant virus that causes discolouration of the leaves of tobacco plants)
  • HIV (human virus that causes AIDS)






1.3: Describe the Common Features Shown by Prokaryotic Organisms such as Bacteria

BACTERIA: Microscopic organism that causes diseases

GROUPS OF ORGANISMS
BACTERIA
s
  • Unicellular organism
  • Feeds on living or dead organisms
  • Structure:
  • Nucleoid - single circular strand of DNA
  • Plasmid - independent small circle of DNA
  • Plasma membrane - phospholipid bilayer that controls movement of substances into and out of cell 
  • Cell wall - made of Peptidoglycan to protect and maintain shape of cell 
  •  *Pili - protein filmanets that facilitates cell adhesion and conjugation 
  •  *70S Ribosomes - site of protein synthesis 
  •  *Flagellum - elongated inflexible structure that rotates to move cell

  • Example:
  • Lactobacillus Bulgarcius (rod-shaped bacterium used in production of Yoghurt)
  • Pnemococcus (spherical bacterium that causes Pneumonia)



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2.1: Describe the levels of Organisation in Organisms: Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs and Systems

LEVELS OF ORGANISATION:

LEVEL
DESCRIPTION
ORGANELLES
Cell structures specialised with a specific function

CELLS
Basic functional and structural units in a living organism

TISSUES
Composed of same cells carrying out same function

ORGANS
Composed of different tissues carrying out a particular function

SYSTEMS
Composed of organs carrying out body function

2.2: Describe Cell Structures, including the Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, Cell Wall, Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Ribosome and Vacuole

CELL STRUCTURE:

CELL STRUCTURE
DESCRIPTION
NUCLEUS
Membrane-bound organelle that contains genetic material

CYTOPLASM
Material that fills cell to facilitate chemical reactions and hold organelles in place

CELL MEMBRANE
Phospholipid bilayer that controls the movement of substances into and out of cell

CELL WALL
External to cell membrane that protects and maintains the shape of cell (prevents cell from bursting)

MITOCHONDRIA
Membrane-bound organelle that carries out cellular respiration

CHLOROPLAST
Plastid in plants that carries out photosynthesis

RIBOSOME
Site of protein synthesis

VACUOLE
Storage organelle in plants to store Water and dissolved substances

2.4: Know the Similarities and Differences in the Structure of Plant and Animal Cells


SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL:

PLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL
Multicellular organism
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Fixed shape
No fixed shape
Large vacuole
Little or no vacuole
Cell wall
No cell wall
Stores carbohydrates as Starch
Stores carbohydrates as Glycogen
Contains Chloroplasts to conduct photosynthesis
Does not contain Chloroplasts (cannot conduct photosynthesis)

Diagram:

                                       

Diagram showing the similarities and differences between Animal and Plant cell