1.1: Understand that living Organisms share the following Characteristics:

LETTER	DESCRIPTION
MOVEMENT	All living organisms move
RESPIRATION	All living organisms respire
SENSITIVITY	All living organisms respond to their environment
GROWTH	All living organisms grow and develop
REPRODUCTION	All living organisms reproduce
EXCRETION	All living organisms excrete waste
NUTRITION	All living organisms require nutrition
CONTROL	All living organisms control internal conditions

1.2: Describe the Common Features shared by Organisms: Plants, Animals, Fungi and Protoctists

GROUPS OF ORGANISMS
PLANTS s Multicellular organism Stores carbohydrates as Starch Structure:  Nucleus - membrane-bound organelle containing chromosomes Chloroplast - protein to carry out Photosynthesis  Mitochondria - protein to carry out cell respiration  Cytoplasm - fills the cell to facilitate chemical reactions and holds organelles in place Vacuole - storage organelle for Water and dissolved substances  Cell membrane - phospholipid bilayer that controls movement of substances into and out of cell Cell wall - made of Cellulose to protect and maintain the shape of cell  Example: Herbaceous Legume
ANIMALS s Multicellular organism Stores carbohydrates as Glycogen Has nervous coordination to move from one place to another Structure: Nucleus - membrane-bound organelle containing chromosomes Mitochondria - protein to carry out cell respiration  Cytoplasm - fills the cell to facilitate chemical reactions and holds organelles in place Cell membrane - phospholipid bilayer that controls movement of substances into and out of cell s Example: Mammals, Insects
FUNGI s Both multicellular and unicellular Stores carbohydrates as Glycogen Organised into a Mycelium - thread-like structure called Hyphae that contains many Nuclei Feeds by extracellular secretion - the release of digestive enzymes onto food to absorb organic products (saprotrophic nutrition) Structure: Nucleus - membrane-bound organelle containing chromosomes Mitochondria - protein to carry out cell respiration  Cytoplasm - fills the cell to facilitate chemical reactions and holds organelles in place Cell membrane - phospholipid bilayer that controls movement of substances into and out of cell Example: Mucor / Yeast
PROTISTS s Microscopic unicellular organism Structure of protists are varied Example: Amoeba (animals) Chlorella (plants)

1.4: Understand the Term Pathogen and Know that Pathogens May Include Fungi, Bacteria, Protoctists or Viruses

COMMON PATHOGENS
FUNGI s Both multicellular and unicellular Stores carbohydrates as Glycogen Organised into a Mycelium - threat-like structure called Hyphae that contains many Nuclei Feeds by extracellular secretion - the release of digestive enzymes onto food to absorb organic products (saprotrophic nutrition) Structure: Nucleus - membrane-bound organelle containing chromosomes Mitochondria - protein to carry out cell respiration  Cytoplasm - fills the cell to facilitate chemical reactions and holds organelles in place Cell membrane - phospholipid bilayer that controls movement of substances into and out of cell Example: Mucor / Yeast
BACTERIA s Unicellular organism Feeds on living or dead organisms Structure: Nucleoid - single circular strand of DNA Plasmid - independent small circle of DNA Plasma membrane - phospholipid bilayer that controls movement of substances into and out of cell  Cell wall - made of Peptidoglycan to protect and maintain shape of cell   *Pili - protein filmanets that facilitates cell adhesion and conjugation   *70S Ribosomes - site of protein synthesis   *Flagellum - elongated inflexible structure that rotates to move cell Example: Lactobacillus Bulgarcius (rod-shaped bacterium used in production of Yoghurt) Pnemococcus (spherical bacterium that causes Pneumonia)
PROTISTS s Microscopic unicellular organism Structure of protists are varied Example: Amoeba (animals) Chlorella (plants)
VIRUS s Non-living organism Parasitic as they can only reproduce inside living host cells Structure: Capsid - contains genetic material (DNA or RNA) Viral Envelope - made from fatty lipid molecules taken from host cells to avoid host immune system Surface Protein - proteins that help recognise and bind to host cells for infection Example: Tobacco Mosaic Virus (plant virus that causes discolouration of the leaves of tobacco plants) HIV (human virus that causes AIDS)

1.3: Describe the Common Features Shown by Prokaryotic Organisms such as Bacteria

BACTERIA: Microscopic organism that causes diseases

GROUPS OF ORGANISMS

BACTERIA s Unicellular organism Feeds on living or dead organisms Structure: Nucleoid - single circular strand of DNA Plasmid - independent small circle of DNA Plasma membrane - phospholipid bilayer that controls movement of substances into and out of cell  Cell wall - made of Peptidoglycan to protect and maintain shape of cell   *Pili - protein filmanets that facilitates cell adhesion and conjugation   *70S Ribosomes - site of protein synthesis   *Flagellum - elongated inflexible structure that rotates to move cell Example: Lactobacillus Bulgarcius (rod-shaped bacterium used in production of Yoghurt) Pnemococcus (spherical bacterium that causes Pneumonia)

2.1: Describe the levels of Organisation in Organisms: Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs and Systems

LEVELS OF ORGANISATION:

LEVEL	DESCRIPTION
ORGANELLES	Cell structures specialised with a specific function
CELLS	Basic functional and structural units in a living organism
TISSUES	Composed of same cells carrying out same function
ORGANS	Composed of different tissues carrying out a particular function
SYSTEMS	Composed of organs carrying out body function

2.2: Describe Cell Structures, including the Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, Cell Wall, Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Ribosome and Vacuole

CELL STRUCTURE:

CELL STRUCTURE	DESCRIPTION
NUCLEUS	Membrane-bound organelle that contains genetic material
CYTOPLASM	Material that fills cell to facilitate chemical reactions and hold organelles in place
CELL MEMBRANE	Phospholipid bilayer that controls the movement of substances into and out of cell
CELL WALL	External to cell membrane that protects and maintains the shape of cell (prevents cell from bursting)
MITOCHONDRIA	Membrane-bound organelle that carries out cellular respiration
CHLOROPLAST	Plastid in plants that carries out photosynthesis
RIBOSOME	Site of protein synthesis
VACUOLE	Storage organelle in plants to store Water and dissolved substances

2.4: Know the Similarities and Differences in the Structure of Plant and Animal Cells

SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL:

PLANT CELL	ANIMAL CELL
Multicellular organism
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Fixed shape	No fixed shape
Large vacuole	Little or no vacuole
Cell wall	No cell wall
Stores carbohydrates as Starch	Stores carbohydrates as Glycogen
Contains Chloroplasts to conduct photosynthesis	Does not contain Chloroplasts (cannot conduct photosynthesis)

Diagram:

                                       

Diagram showing the similarities and differences between Animal and Plant cell